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GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile - Release 3


difrace2why observation disagrees self id
Text of this Question or Item
A. WHY DO YOU THINK YOUR RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENT IN 
"A" DIFFERED FROM THE RESPONDENT'S SELF-CLASSIFICATION IN "C"?
2. Second reason
Percent N Value Label
0.0 0 1 r not serious
0.0 0 2 hispanic chosen over white
0.0 0 3 hispanic chosen over black
42.9 3 4 physically doesn't match race
42.9 3 5 racially mixed
0.0 0 6 r rejects racial categories
0.0 0 7 r rejects 'black' label
0.0 0 8 is married to member of another race
0.0 0 9 white or black chosen over hispanic
14.3 1 10 feelings, not biology matters
0.0 0 11 identifies with other than 'real' race
0.0 0 12 other hispanic complications


68,839 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
difrace3why observation disagrees self id
Text of this Question or Item
A. WHY DO YOU THINK YOUR RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENT IN 
"A" DIFFERED FROM THE RESPONDENT'S SELF-CLASSIFICATION IN "C"?
3. Third reason
Percent N Value Label
0.0 0 1 r not serious
0.0 0 2 hispanic chosen over white
0.0 0 3 hispanic chosen over black
0.0 0 4 physically doesn't match race
0.0 0 5 racially mixed
0.0 0 6 r rejects racial categories
0.0 0 7 r rejects 'black' label
0.0 0 8 is married to member of another race
0.0 0 9 white or black chosen over hispanic
0.0 0 10 feelings, not biology matters
0.0 0 11 identifies with other than 'real' race
100.0 1 12 other hispanic complications


68,845 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Citizenship

uscitznif not born in us, is r a us citizen
Text of this Question or Item
If not born in US, is R a US citizen 
 As of 2024, USCITZN has been recoded to simplify responses. It is 
now a synthetic variable which represents the original USCITZN, as 
well as the experimental USCITZNV and USCITZNNV. This recode is 
retroactive, covering all previous years of USCITZN. The original 
data have been preserved in USCITZN_0822. USCITZNV and USCITZNNV will 
not be made available in 2024.
Percent N Value Label
58.0 1,802 1 a u.s. citizen
42.0 1,303 2 not a u.s. citizen


19 .d don't know


21,492 .i iap


42 .n no answer


21 .s skipped on web


51,020 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
uscitzn_0822if not born in us, is r a us citizen
Text of this Question or Item
If not born in US, is R a US citizen 
 As of 2024, USCITZN has been recoded to simplify responses. It is 
now a synthetic variable which represents the original USCITZN, as 
well as the experimental USCITZNV and USCITZNNV. This recode is 
retroactive, covering all previous years of USCITZN. The original 
data have been preserved in USCITZN_0822. USCITZNV and USCITZNNV will 
not be made available in 2024.
Percent N Value Label
52.4 1,056 1 a u.s. citizen
44.9 906 2 not a u.s. citizen
1.1 23 3 a u.s. citizen born in puerto rico, the u.s. virgin islands, or the northern marianas islands (if volunteered)
1.6 32 4 born outside of the u.s. to parents who were u.s. citizens at that time (if volunteered)


16 .d don't know


15,266 .i iap


39 .n no answer


58,361 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
fucitznis r planning/appling for us citizenship or not
Text of this Question or Item
Are you

As of 2024, FUCITZN will only be available as restricted data, 
beginning with R2.
Percent N Value Label
10.9 97 1 currently applying for u.s. citizenship
49.0 436 2 planning to apply for u.s. citizenship
29.5 262 3 not planning to apply to u.s. citizenship
10.6 94 4 not eligible to become a u.s. citizen


12 .d don't know


67,412 .i iap


45 .n no answer


7,341 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Education

educhighest year of school completed
Text of this Question or Item
ASK ALL PARTS OF QUESTION ABOUT RESPONDENT BEFORE GOING ON TO ASK 
ABOUT R'S FATHER; AND THEN R'S MOTHER; THEN R'S SPOUSE, IF R IS 
CURRENTLY MARRIED. 
A. What is the highest grade in elementary school or high school that 
(you/your father/ your mother/your [husband/wife]) finished and got 
credit for? CODE EXACT GRADE. 
B. IF FINISHED 9th-12th GRADE OR DK*: Did (you/he/she) ever get a 
high school diploma or a GED certificate? [SEE D BELOW.] [See 
REMARKS] 
C. Did (you/he/she) complete one or more years of college for 
credit--not including schooling such as business college, technical 
or vocational school? IF YES: How many years did (you/he/she) 
complete? 
 Do you (Does [he/she]) have any college degrees? (IF YES: What 
degree or degrees?) CODE HIGHEST DEGREE EARNED.
Percent N Value Label
0.3 189 0 no formal schooling
0.1 50 1 1st grade
0.2 161 2 2nd grade
0.4 273 3 3rd grade
0.4 329 4 4th grade
0.5 414 5 5th grade
1.2 889 6 6th grade
1.2 906 7 7th grade
3.7 2,812 8 8th grade
2.9 2,209 9 9th grade
4.1 3,079 10 10th grade
5.4 4,046 11 11th grade
29.4 22,202 12 12th grade
8.2 6,188 13 1 year of college
11.5 8,651 14 2 years of college
4.6 3,484 15 3 years of college
14.1 10,666 16 4 years of college
3.4 2,571 17 5 years of college
4.2 3,187 18 6 years of college
1.5 1,166 19 7 years of college
2.6 1,941 20 8 or more years of college


107 .d don't know


179 .n no answer

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
paeduchighest year school completed, father (or oldest same-sex parent)
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S FATHER'S (FATHER SUBSTITUTE'S) EDUCATION
Percent N Value Label
2.6 1,407 0 no formal schooling
0.3 135 1 1st grade
0.8 412 2 2nd grade
2.5 1,372 3 3rd grade
2.2 1,190 4 4th grade
2.2 1,178 5 5th grade
5.0 2,699 6 6th grade
2.5 1,337 7 7th grade
12.8 6,894 8 8th grade
3.1 1,697 9 9th grade
4.3 2,341 10 10th grade
3.0 1,603 11 11th grade
30.4 16,373 12 12th grade
3.0 1,593 13 1 year of college
6.3 3,373 14 2 years of college
1.3 727 15 3 years of college
10.6 5,740 16 4 years of college
1.1 569 17 5 years of college
2.7 1,469 18 6 years of college
0.8 429 19 7 years of college
2.6 1,380 20 8 or more years of college


8,079 .d don't know


13,351 .i iap


351 .n no answer

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
maeduchighest year school completed, mother (or youngest same-sex parent)
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S MOTHER'S (SUBSTITUTE MOTHER'S) EDUCATION
Percent N Value Label
2.5 1,617 0 no formal schooling
0.2 103 1 1st grade
0.5 329 2 2nd grade
1.4 908 3 3rd grade
1.5 944 4 4th grade
1.6 1,024 5 5th grade
3.7 2,373 6 6th grade
2.0 1,291 7 7th grade
11.0 7,001 8 8th grade
3.1 1,977 9 9th grade
5.1 3,240 10 10th grade
3.8 2,407 11 11th grade
37.9 24,053 12 12th grade
3.5 2,246 13 1 year of college
7.6 4,851 14 2 years of college
1.6 1,014 15 3 years of college
8.9 5,638 16 4 years of college
0.7 435 17 5 years of college
1.9 1,233 18 6 years of college
0.3 178 19 7 years of college
0.9 596 20 8 or more years of college


7,361 .d don't know


4,416 .i iap


464 .n no answer

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
speduchighest year school completed, spouse
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S SPOUSE'S EDUCATION
Percent N Value Label
0.3 100 0 no formal schooling
0.1 21 1 1st grade
0.2 57 2 2nd grade
0.4 137 3 3rd grade
0.4 142 4 4th grade
0.5 195 5 5th grade
1.2 447 6 6th grade
1.1 430 7 7th grade
4.0 1,504 8 8th grade
2.4 907 9 9th grade
4.0 1,491 10 10th grade
4.5 1,713 11 11th grade
33.4 12,595 12 12th grade
6.5 2,447 13 1 year of college
10.7 4,031 14 2 years of college
3.5 1,312 15 3 years of college
15.3 5,767 16 4 years of college
3.0 1,117 17 5 years of college
4.5 1,698 18 6 years of college
1.5 555 19 7 years of college
2.7 1,010 20 8 or more years of college


343 .d don't know


37,485 .i iap


190 .n no answer


5 .s skipped on web

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
degreer's highest degree
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S DEGREE
Percent N Value Label
19.2 14,498 0 less than high school
50.3 37,952 1 high school
6.2 4,654 2 associate/junior college
15.9 11,969 3 bachelor's
8.5 6,427 4 graduate


47 .d don't know


143 .n no answer


9 .s skipped on web

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
padegfather's (or oldest same-sex parent's) highest degree
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S FATHER'S (SUBSTITUTE FATHER'S) DEGREE
Percent N Value Label
44.1 25,208 0 less than high school
37.4 21,358 1 high school
2.2 1,248 2 associate/junior college
9.7 5,565 3 bachelor's
6.6 3,784 4 graduate


4,598 .d don't know


13,335 .i iap


599 .n no answer


4 .s skipped on web

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
madegmother's (or youngest same-sex parent's) highest degree
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S MOTHER'S (SUBSTITUTE MOTHER'S) DEGREE
Percent N Value Label
38.9 25,870 0 less than high school
45.5 30,289 1 high school
3.8 2,515 2 associate/junior college
8.3 5,504 3 bachelor's
3.5 2,351 4 graduate


4,088 .d don't know


4,387 .i iap


688 .n no answer


7 .s skipped on web

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
spdegspouse's highest degree
Text of this Question or Item
RESPONDENT'S SPOUSE'S DEGREE
Percent N Value Label
18.4 6,965 0 less than high school
50.2 18,977 1 high school
5.6 2,105 2 associate/junior college
16.3 6,184 3 bachelor's
9.5 3,602 4 graduate


202 .d don't know


37,485 .i iap


165 .n no answer


14 .s skipped on web

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
major1college major 1
Text of this Question or Item
What was your major or field of study when you received your 
(RESPONDENT'S COLLEGE DEGREE) degree? 
 As of 2024, MAJOR1 has been recoded to only account for 39 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of MAJOR1. The original MAJOR1 containing data from 2012 to 2022 has 
been renamed MAJOR1_1222.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-39)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
major2college major 2
Text of this Question or Item
What was your major or field of study when you received your 
(RESPONDENT'S COLLEGE DEGREE) degree? 
 As of 2024, MAJOR2 has been recoded to only account for 39 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of MAJOR2. The original MAJOR2 containing data from 2012 to 2022 has 
been renamed MAJOR2_1222.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-39)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
voedcolnon-college postsecondary education (voednme1)
Text of this Question or Item
In what year did you receive the (COLLEGE NAME) degree? 
E. Besides attending college for credit, did you complete any courses 
for credit at an institution such as a business college, technical or 
vocational school?
Percent N Value Label
31.0 1,261 1 yes
69.0 2,813 2 no


6 .d don't know


64,766 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
voedncolnon-college postsecondary education (voednme2)
Text of this Question or Item
In what year did you receive the (COLLEGE NAME) degree? 
G. Did you complete any courses for credit at an institution such as 
a business college, technical or vocational school?
Percent N Value Label
31.5 882 1 yes
68.5 1,918 2 no


66,046 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
voednme1postsecondary institution attended for credit
Text of this Question or Item
In what year did you receive the (COLLEGE NAME) degree? 
F. IF YES: What institution was that?
Percent N Value Label
0.2 2 1 jail/prison
1.1 13 2 high school
2.0 25 3 company/business
12.9 158 4 vocational school/trades/technical (not high school, not college)
0.5 6 5 secretarial school
0.4 5 6 adult education/school
6.3 77 7 medical/nursing/health/dental/hospital
0.6 7 8 union
2.9 35 9 armed forces
48.7 597 10 college/university
0.7 8 11 art/design
2.7 33 12 business college (not business school at a university)
0.4 5 13 home study/correspondence
0.9 11 14 job corp
3.2 39 15 beauty school/cosmetology
4.2 52 16 insurance, real estate, finance, executive management
1.0 12 17 police/fire academy; training
0.3 4 18 development center
0.7 8 19 career center
2.4 29 20 foreign college/university
5.6 69 30 other
2.4 30 40 unable to code response, unclear, not identifiable


67,579 .i iap


5 .n no answer


37 .u uncodeable


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
voednme2postsecondary institution attended for credit
Text of this Question or Item
In what year did you receive the (COLLEGE NAME) degree? 
H. IF YES: What institution was that?
Percent N Value Label
0.1 1 1 jail/prison
3.4 29 2 high school
1.9 16 3 company/business
17.5 150 4 vocational school/trades/technical (not high school, not college)
0.5 4 5 secretarial school
0.8 7 6 adult education/school
4.0 34 7 medical/nursing/health/dental/hospital
1.1 9 8 union
2.7 23 9 armed forces
46.6 399 10 college/university
0.1 1 11 art/design
3.9 33 12 business college (not business school at a university)
0.7 6 13 home study/correspondence
1.2 10 14 job corp
5.6 48 15 beauty school/cosmetology
1.4 12 16 insurance, real estate, finance, executive management
0.6 5 17 police/fire academy; training
0.4 3 18 development center
0.6 5 19 career center
1.6 14 20 foreign college/university
3.4 29 30 other
2.2 19 40 unable to code response, unclear, not identifiable


67,964 .i iap


25 .u uncodeable


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
dipgeddiploma, ged, or other
Text of this Question or Item
Was that a diploma awarded by your high school at graduation at the 
end of 12th grade, a GED awarded after you took a test, or something 
else?  
 As of 2024, DIPGED has been recoded to only account for three 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of DIPGED. The original DIPGED containing data 2012 to 2022 has been 
renamed DIPGED_1222.
Percent N Value Label
90.6 16,636 1 high school diploma
8.6 1,570 2 ged
0.8 148 3 other


16 .d don't know


2,145 .i iap


86 .n no answer


11 .s skipped on web


55,087 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
spdipgedspouse diploma, ged, or other
Text of this Question or Item
Was that a diploma awarded by (RESPONDENT''S SPOUSE)''s high school 
at graduation at the end of 12th grade, a GED awarded after 
(RESPONDENT''S SPOUSE) took a test, or something else?
Percent N Value Label
92.6 2,675 1 high school diploma
7.1 205 2 ged
0.3 10 3 other
0.0 0 5 high school diploma after post high school class


6 .d don't know


59,570 .i iap


13,233 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
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