GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile

yeargss year for this respondent

Text of this Question or Item

GSS year

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1,972-2,024)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

idrespondent id number

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-4510)

Properties
Data type:	numeric

ageage of respondent

Text of this Question or Item

RESPONDENT'S AGE

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 18-89)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

sexrespondents sex

Text of this Question or Item

CODE RESPONDENT'S SEX

Percent	N	Value	Label
44.3	33,444	1	male
55.7	42,124	2	female
	15	.d	don't know
	19	.i	iap
	81	.n	no answer
	16	.s	skipped on web
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racerace of respondent

Text of this Question or Item

CODE WITHOUT ASKING ONLY IF THERE IS NO DOUBT IN YOUR MIND.
 What race do you consider yourself? RECORD VERBATIM AND CODE.

Percent	N	Value	Label
79.4	59,937	1	white
14.3	10,787	2	black
6.4	4,803	3	other
	172	.i	iap
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen1what is r's race, first mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be. A. First mention 
 As of 2024, RACECEN1 has been recoded to combine Native Hawaiian, 
Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan into the "Other Pacific Islander" 
category. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN1. The original RACECEN1 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN1_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
75.4	27,064	1	white
14.9	5,342	2	black or african american
1.3	482	3	american indian or alaska native
0.8	302	4	asian indian
0.8	281	5	chinese
0.6	223	6	filipino
0.3	101	7	japanese
0.2	88	8	korean
0.2	55	9	vietnamese
0.4	146	10	other asian
0.2	78	14	other pacific islander
0.9	306	15	some other race
3.9	1,408	16	hispanic
	110	.d	don't know
	1,477	.i	iap
	116	.n	no answer
	4	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen2what is r's race, second mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be. A. Second mention 
 As of 2024, RACECEN2 has been recoded to combine Native Hawaiian, 
Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan into the "Other Pacific Islander" 
category. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN2. The original RACECEN2 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN2_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
18.4	400	1	white
8.1	177	2	black or african american
50.4	1,095	3	american indian or alaska native
1.2	25	4	asian indian
2.3	49	5	chinese
2.0	44	6	filipino
1.6	34	7	japanese
0.8	18	8	korean
0.5	10	9	vietnamese
1.5	33	10	other asian
2.2	48	14	other pacific islander
2.8	60	15	some other race
8.3	180	16	hispanic
	29	.d	don't know
	35,291	.i	iap
	86	.n	no answer
	4	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen3what is r's race, third mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be. A. Third mention 
 As of 2024, RACECEN3 has been recoded to combine Native Hawaiian, 
Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan into the "Other Pacific Islander" 
category. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN3. The original RACECEN3 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN3_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
29.0	69	1	white
7.1	17	2	black or african american
33.6	80	3	american indian or alaska native
3.4	8	4	asian indian
6.7	16	5	chinese
0.4	1	6	filipino
1.7	4	7	japanese
0.8	2	8	korean
0.4	1	9	vietnamese
2.1	5	10	other asian
5.0	12	14	other pacific islander
6.7	16	15	some other race
2.9	7	16	hispanic
	16	.d	don't know
	37,296	.i	iap
	29	.n	no answer
	4	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen1_0022what is r's race, first mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be.
A. First mention

As of 2024, RACECEN1 has been recoded to coarsen certain sensitive 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN1. The original RACECEN1 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN1_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
75.9	24,784	1	white
14.6	4,770	2	black or african american
1.3	435	3	american indian or alaska native
0.8	260	4	asian indian
0.8	246	5	chinese
0.6	197	6	filipino
0.3	89	7	japanese
0.3	83	8	korean
0.2	50	9	vietnamese
0.4	122	10	other asian
0.1	29	11	native hawaiian
0.0	10	12	guamanian or chamorro
0.0	8	13	samoan
0.1	20	14	other pacific islander
0.8	270	15	some other race
3.9	1,259	16	hispanic
	102	.d	don't know
	1,450	.i	iap
	90	.n	no answer
	41,425	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen2what is r's race, second mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be. A. Second mention 
 As of 2024, RACECEN2 has been recoded to combine Native Hawaiian, 
Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan into the "Other Pacific Islander" 
category. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN2. The original RACECEN2 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN2_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
18.4	400	1	white
8.1	177	2	black or african american
50.4	1,095	3	american indian or alaska native
1.2	25	4	asian indian
2.3	49	5	chinese
2.0	44	6	filipino
1.6	34	7	japanese
0.8	18	8	korean
0.5	10	9	vietnamese
1.5	33	10	other asian
2.2	48	14	other pacific islander
2.8	60	15	some other race
8.3	180	16	hispanic
	29	.d	don't know
	35,291	.i	iap
	86	.n	no answer
	4	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen2_0022what is r's race, second mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be.
B. Second mention

As of 2024, RACECEN2 has been recoded to coarsen certain sensitive 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN2. The original RACECEN2 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN2_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
17.7	359	1	white
8.2	166	2	black or african american
51.6	1,045	3	american indian or alaska native
1.0	21	4	asian indian
2.1	43	5	chinese
1.7	35	6	filipino
1.5	31	7	japanese
0.7	15	8	korean
0.3	7	9	vietnamese
1.6	32	10	other asian
0.8	17	11	native hawaiian
0.3	7	12	guamanian or chamorro
0.4	8	13	samoan
0.6	13	14	other pacific islander
2.8	56	15	some other race
8.5	172	16	hispanic
	20	.d	don't know
	32,167	.i	iap
	60	.n	no answer
	41,425	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen3what is r's race, third mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be. A. Third mention 
 As of 2024, RACECEN3 has been recoded to combine Native Hawaiian, 
Guamanian or Chamorro, and Samoan into the "Other Pacific Islander" 
category. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN3. The original RACECEN3 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN3_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
29.0	69	1	white
7.1	17	2	black or african american
33.6	80	3	american indian or alaska native
3.4	8	4	asian indian
6.7	16	5	chinese
0.4	1	6	filipino
1.7	4	7	japanese
0.8	2	8	korean
0.4	1	9	vietnamese
2.1	5	10	other asian
5.0	12	14	other pacific islander
6.7	16	15	some other race
2.9	7	16	hispanic
	16	.d	don't know
	37,296	.i	iap
	29	.n	no answer
	4	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racecen3_0022what is r's race, third mention

Text of this Question or Item

What is your race?  Indicate one or more races that you consider 
yourself to be.
C. Third mention

As of 2024, RACECEN3 has been recoded to coarsen certain sensitive 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of RACECEN3. The original RACECEN3 containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed RACECEN3_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
26.3	57	1	white
7.4	16	2	black or african american
35.0	76	3	american indian or alaska native
3.2	7	4	asian indian
6.9	15	5	chinese
0.5	1	6	filipino
1.8	4	7	japanese
0.9	2	8	korean
0.5	1	9	vietnamese
1.8	4	10	other asian
1.8	4	11	native hawaiian
0.0	0	12	guamanian or chamorro
0.9	2	13	samoan
2.3	5	14	other pacific islander
7.4	16	15	some other race
3.2	7	16	hispanic
	7	.d	don't know
	34,047	.i	iap
	3	.n	no answer
	41,425	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

hispanicr hispanic specific

Text of this Question or Item

IF R IS FEMALE, READ LATINA; IF MALE, READ LATINO.
Are you Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino/Latina?
Yes . . . . . (ASK A)
No   . . . . . . (GO TO NEXT QUESTION)
IF YES:                  Which group are you from?
Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano/Chicana
Puerto Rican
Cuban
Other
As of 2024, HISPANIC has been recoded to remove certain sensitive 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of HISPANIC. The original HISPANIC containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed HISPANIC_0022.

Percent	N	Value	Label
87.7	32,846	1	not hispanic
7.1	2,676	2	mexican, mexican american, chicano/a
1.5	567	3	puerto rican
0.6	212	4	cuban
3.0	1,136	5	another hispanic, latino, or spanish origin
	49	.d	don't know
	21	.i	iap
	32	.n	no answer
	44	.s	skipped on web
	38,116	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

hispanic_0022r hispanic specific

Text of this Question or Item

IF R IS FEMALE, READ LATINA; IF MALE, READ LATINO.
Are you Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino/Latina?
Yes . . . . . (ASK A)
No   . . . . . . (GO TO NEXT QUESTION)
IF YES:                  Which group are you from?
Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano/Chicana
Puerto Rican
Cuban
Other
As of 2024, HISPANIC has been recoded to remove certain sensitive 
categories. This has been retroactively applied to all previous years 
of HISPANIC. The original HISPANIC containing data from 2000 to 2022 
has been renamed HISPANIC_0022.

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-50)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

ethniccountry of family origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your ancestors come?
 A. IF MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY NAMED:Which one of these countries do 
you feel closer to?

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-999)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

eth11st mentioned country of origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your ancestors come?
 B. FIRST ETHNICITY MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-999)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

eth22nd mentioned country of origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your ancestors come?
 C. SECOND ETHNICITY MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-803)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

eth33rd mentioned country of origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your ancestors come?
 D. THIRD ETHNICITY MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-804)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

ethnumtype of response about ethnicity:r

Text of this Question or Item

[RECODE OF ETHNIC-ETH3]

Percent	N	Value	Label
50.0	32,198	1	names one country
29.3	18,881	2	names two or more countries, chooses one
10.8	6,941	3	names two or more countries, can't choose
9.9	6,380	4	can't name any
	4,032	.i	iap
	414	.u	uncodeable
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

spethniccountry of spouse's family origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your 
(wife''s/husband''s) ancestors come?
 A. IF MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY NAMED:  Which one of these countries 
does your (wife/husband) feel closer to?
 A. SUMMARY ETHNICITY OF SPOUSE

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-97)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

speth11st mentioned country of spouse's origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your 
(wife''s/husband''s) ancestors come?
 B. FIRST ETHNICITY OF SPOUSE MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-97)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

speth22nd mentioned country of spouse's origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your 
(wife''s/husband''s) ancestors come?
 C. SECOND ETHNICITY OF SPOUSE MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-97)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

speth33rd mentioned country of spouse's origin

Text of this Question or Item

From what countries or part of the world did your 
(wife''s/husband''s) ancestors come?
 D. THIRD ETHNICITY OF SPOUSE MENTIONED

Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-97)

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

spethnumtype of response about ethnicity:sp

Text of this Question or Item

[RECODE OF SPETHNIC]

Percent	N	Value	Label
53.8	3,735	1	names 1
24.0	1,663	2	chooses 1 of 2+
6.8	474	3	cannot choose 1
15.4	1,069	4	cannot name any
	61,807	.i	iap
	98	.u	uncodeable
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

raceseeobserved race

Text of this Question or Item

A. CODE WITHOUT ASKING FOR ALL RESPONDENTS EVEN IF UNCERTAIN.

Percent	N	Value	Label
80.1	3,423	1	white
14.9	635	2	black
1.8	79	3	other
0.8	36	4	hispanic
0.1	3	5	black and white
0.2	8	6	spanish
0.2	8	7	filipino
0.3	13	8	american indian
1.0	42	9	asian
0.0	1	10	yellow
0.1	5	11	mexican
0.0	1	12	brown
0.0	2	13	latino
0.0	1	14	middle eastern
0.0	1	15	puerto rican
0.2	7	16	indian
0.0	1	17	alaska native
0.0	1	18	pacific islander
0.0	1	19	cuban
0.0	1	20	japanese
0.0	1	21	oriental
0.0	1	22	trinidad
	64,569	.i	iap
	6	.n	no answer
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

racedbtfcertainty of observed race

Text of this Question or Item

B. FOR THE RACIAL CLASSIFICATION YOU JUST ASSIGNED IN "A" INDICATE 
HOW SURE YOU WERE OF RESPONDENT'S RACE.

Percent	N	Value	Label
94.8	3,877	1	no doubt
4.5	185	2	some doubt, pretty sure
0.2	9	3	a lot of doubt, pretty unsure
0.5	19	4	completely unsure
	64,569	.i	iap
	187	.n	no answer
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

raceselfr's own racial id

Text of this Question or Item

C. What race do you consider yourself?  RECORD VERBATIM AND CODE.

Percent	N	Value	Label
76.9	2,211	1	white
14.3	412	2	black
8.8	252	3	other
	1	.d	don't know
	65,967	.i	iap
	3	.n	no answer
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

difrace1why observation disagrees self id

Text of this Question or Item

A. WHY DO YOU THINK YOUR RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENT IN 
"A" DIFFERED FROM THE RESPONDENT'S SELF-CLASSIFICATION IN "C"?
1. First reason

Percent	N	Value	Label
2.6	1	1	r not serious
38.5	15	2	hispanic chosen over white
7.7	3	3	hispanic chosen over black
10.3	4	4	physically doesn't match race
12.8	5	5	racially mixed
17.9	7	6	r rejects racial categories
2.6	1	7	r rejects 'black' label
5.1	2	8	is married to member of another race
2.6	1	9	white or black chosen over hispanic
0.0	0	10	feelings, not biology matters
0.0	0	11	identifies with other than 'real' race
0.0	0	12	other hispanic complications
	68,807	.i	iap
	6,853	.y	not available in this year
100.0	75,699		Total

Properties
Data type:	numeric
Missing-data codes:	.d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile - Release 3

CASE IDENTIFICATION AND YEAR

RESPONDENT BACKGROUND VARIABLES

Age, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity