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GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile - Release 3
Version
fileversiongss data file version
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100.0 | 75,699 | 7224.3 | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 1 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
ballotballot used for interview
Text of this Question or Item
Ballot Administered.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32.2 | 17,355 | 1 | ballot a | |
| 32.6 | 17,544 | 2 | ballot b | |
| 32.3 | 17,407 | 3 | ballot c | |
| 2.8 | 1,518 | 4 | ballot d | |
| 21,875 | .i | iap | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
versionversion of questionnaire
Text of this Question or Item
Version Administered.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23.6 | 10,148 | 1 | version 1 | |
| 24.1 | 10,343 | 2 | version 2 | |
| 23.6 | 10,168 | 3 | version 3 | |
| 7.2 | 3,103 | 4 | version 4 | |
| 7.3 | 3,138 | 5 | version 5 | |
| 7.2 | 3,110 | 6 | version 6 | |
| 4.6 | 1,998 | 7 | version 7 | |
| 1.1 | 478 | 8 | version 8 | |
| 1.2 | 516 | 9 | version 9 | |
| 29,388 | .i | iap | ||
| 3,309 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
isspfilter for issp cases
Text of this Question or Item
Status on International Social Survey Program Self-Completion Supplement.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 91.9 | 47,360 | 1 | r did issp | |
| 8.1 | 4,198 | 2 | r did not do issp | |
| 24,141 | .i | iap | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
foundcase was retrievable in 2012
Text of this Question or Item
Case recovered
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7.9 | 4,364 | 0 | not found | |
| 92.1 | 50,723 | 1 | found | |
| 13,759 | .i | iap | ||
| 6,853 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
Sampling
sampcodesampling error code
Text of this Question or Item
SAMPLING ERROR CODE.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-774)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
samplesampling frame and method
Text of this Question or Item
The GSS has employed various sampling procedures and frames. Appendix A gives full detail.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | 1,613 | 1 | 1960 sample frame, block quota | |
| 5.9 | 4,498 | 2 | 1970 sample frame, block quota | |
| 11.0 | 8,320 | 3 | 1970 sample frame, full probability | |
| 0.1 | 107 | 4 | 1970 sample frame, full probability black oversample | |
| 0.3 | 247 | 5 | 1980 black sample frame, full probability black oversample | |
| 17.8 | 13,454 | 6 | 1980 sample frame, full probability | |
| 0.5 | 353 | 7 | 1980 sample frame, full probability black oversample | |
| 20.0 | 15,106 | 8 | 1990 sample frame, full probability | |
| 15.0 | 11,389 | 9 | 2000 sample frame, full probability | |
| 18.6 | 14,075 | 10 | 2010 sample frame, full probability | |
| 4.3 | 3,228 | 11 | 2020 address based sample, full probability | |
| 0.0 | 0 | 12 | 2022 amerispeak frame, full probability black/hispanic/aanhpi oversample | |
| 4.4 | 3,309 | 13 | 2020 sample frame, full probability | |
| 0.0 | 0 | 14 | 2024 amerispeak frame, full probability black/hispanic/aanhpi oversample | |
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
phasesubsampling: two-phase design.
Text of this Question or Item
Subsampling: two-phase design.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 79.0 | 22,098 | 1 | phase one - initial cases | |
| 21.0 | 5,871 | 2 | phase two - sub-sampled cases | |
| 47,730 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
sdastrataSDA Stratum Variable for GSS
Text of this Question or Item
Stratum variable for SDA to calculate complex standard errors
for the GSS dataset.
See the document in the online SDA codebook that describes how
it was constructed.
**
Created by RECODE version 4.1.6
on May 15, 2026 (Fri 01:44 PM PDT)
Input1: sample label: sampling frame and method
Input2: year label: gss year for this respondent
From study: /data/gss24rel3
Output Input1 Input2
11 ** 2021
12 ** 2022
1 1 *
2 2 *
3 3-4 *
5 5 *
6 6-7 *
8 8 *
9 9 *
10 10 *
13 13 *
All other combinations of input variables
were converted to MD: 0
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | 1,613 | 1 | 1960 BQ | |
| 5.9 | 4,498 | 2 | 1970 BQ | |
| 11.1 | 8,427 | 3 | 1970 FP | |
| 0.3 | 247 | 5 | 1980 BFP | |
| 18.2 | 13,807 | 6 | 1980 FP | |
| 20.0 | 15,106 | 8 | 1990 FP | |
| 15.0 | 11,389 | 9 | 2000 FP | |
| 12.8 | 9,727 | 10 | 2010 FP | |
| 5.3 | 4,032 | 11 | 2021 ABS | |
| 4.7 | 3,544 | 12 | 2022 ABS | |
| 4.4 | 3,309 | 13 | 2020 FP | |
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data code: | 0 |
sdaclustersSDA Cluster Variable for GSS
Text of this Question or Item
** Created by COMPUTE version 4.1.6 on May 15, 2026 (Fri 01:44 PM PDT) if (year eq 1972) sdaclusters = duniform(1001,1016) else if (year eq 2021) sdaclusters = duniform(1021,1060) else if (year eq 2022) sdaclusters = duniform(1071,1105) else sdaclusters = sampcode Input variables: sampcode: sampling error code year: gss year for this respondent From study: /sda/data/gss24rel3 Other specified options: Missing data values were included in computations Output variable values were rounded to user-specified decimal places: 0 User specified seed value: 2468
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1.0000-1105.0000)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
vpsuvariance primary sampling unit
Text of this Question or Item
Variance primary sampling unit
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-4228)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
vstratvariance stratum
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Variance stratum
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1001-8456)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
Weights -- Sampling and Post-stratification
compwtComposite Weight
Text of this Question or Item
Composite weight for SDA version of the GSS. See the document in the online SDA codebook that describes how it was constructed. ** Created by COMPUTE version 4.1.6 on May 15, 2026 (Fri 01:44 PM PDT) if (year lt 2004) $wt = wtssps else $wt = wtssnrps endif compwt = $wt * (75699/75700.601) Input variables: wtssnrps: person post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted wtssps: person post-stratification weight year: gss year for this respondent From study: /sda/data/gss24rel3 Other specified options: Output variable values were rounded to user-specified decimal places: 4
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.0761-17.0027)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
wtssnrpsperson post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted
Text of this Question or Item
Person post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.07610404004297436-17.00307814351093327)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
wtssallweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.39182505383657018-8.73987621000153503)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
wtssnrweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.29307435290171902-11.06847625229332621)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
wtssweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.39182505383657018-8.73987621000153503)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
oversampweights for black oversamples
Text of this Question or Item
Weight for Black oversamples.
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.7 | 510 | 0.3778 | ||
| 0.7 | 544 | 0.4347 | ||
| 95.1 | 72,020 | 1.0000 | not 1982/1987 | |
| 1.8 | 1,350 | 1.2350 | ||
| 1.7 | 1,275 | 1.2410 | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 4 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
formwtweight deal with experimental randomization
Text of this Question or Item
Weight for form variables.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.402-7.180)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 3 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
wtsspsperson post-stratification weight
Text of this Question or Item
Person post-stratification weight
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.07397235120467827-14.27246189116060116)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
Ballot-form Weights for 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016 and 2018
ballotformwt
Text of this Question or Item
Person weight for years 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2018 due to an assignment error of ballot and form for these years. For more information please see Methodological Report #134 at https://gss.norc.org/us/en/gss/get-documentation/methodological-reports.html.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.19842363732422308-8.15083825233359960)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
ballotformwtnr
Text of this Question or Item
Non-response person weight for years 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2018 due to an assignment error of ballot and form for these years. For more information please see Methodological Report #134 at https://gss.norc.org/us/en/gss/get-documentation/methodological-reports.html.
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.17946290590681452-7.73921695657114572)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 17 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
Interviewer Characteristics and Misc
saqisspr did issp module
Text of this Question or Item
A. R did ISSP Module
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 64.8 | 8,284 | 1 | r did issp | |
| 15.4 | 1,964 | 2 | administered by interviewer | |
| 2.2 | 275 | 3 | promised, but did not do | |
| 9.6 | 1,225 | 4 | r did not do issp | |
| 8.1 | 1,042 | 5 | r did, but not sure mode | |
| 56,056 | .i | iap | ||
| 6,853 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
saqsexr did sex module
Text of this Question or Item
B. R did Sex Module
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 64.6 | 11,062 | 1 | r did sex saq | |
| 13.9 | 2,374 | 2 | administered by interviewer | |
| 1.7 | 292 | 3 | promised, but did not do | |
| 13.6 | 2,331 | 4 | r did not do sex | |
| 6.2 | 1,063 | 5 | r did, but not sure mode | |
| 51,724 | .i | iap | ||
| 6,853 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
saqgener did gene module for 2004
Text of this Question or Item
C. R did Gene Module
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58.9 | 1,657 | 1 | r did gene saq | |
| 25.7 | 723 | 2 | administered by interviewer | |
| 15.4 | 432 | 3 | r did not do gene | |
| 66,034 | .i | iap | ||
| 6,853 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
intidinterviewer id
Text of this Question or Item
No question asked; assigned administratively
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-235)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .i,.x |
feeusedfee given to get case
Text of this Question or Item
Was a respondent incentive or fee used as part of getting this case?
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 64.7 | 21,010 | 1 | yes, money | |
| 1.8 | 595 | 2 | yes, other (flowers, food, etc.) | |
| 33.4 | 10,851 | 3 | no | |
| 184 | .d | don't know | ||
| 38,796 | .i | iap | ||
| 231 | .n | no answer | ||
| 4,032 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
lngthinvhow long was interview
Text of this Question or Item
How long was interview
Total Cases:
75,699 (Range of valid codes: 30.000000000000000-200.000000000000000)
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Decimals: | 15 |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
intageage of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
A. Age of interviewer
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.4 | 1,212 | 1 | 18-34 | |
| 13.3 | 3,008 | 2 | 35-44 | |
| 27.6 | 6,223 | 3 | 45-54 | |
| 35.7 | 8,047 | 4 | 55-64 | |
| 18.0 | 4,067 | 5 | 65 or older | |
| 1,767 | .i | iap | ||
| 101 | .n | no answer | ||
| 51,274 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
easygethow difficult was case to get
Text of this Question or Item
How difficult was case to get?
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25.6 | 1,420 | 1 | very easy | |
| 29.3 | 1,623 | 2 | somewhat easy | |
| 28.8 | 1,598 | 3 | somewhat difficult | |
| 16.3 | 907 | 4 | very difficult | |
| 63,197 | .i | iap | ||
| 101 | .n | no answer | ||
| 6,853 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
intethnrace of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
B. Race/ethnicity of interviewer
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73.5 | 17,684 | 1 | white | |
| 13.6 | 3,276 | 2 | black | |
| 7.0 | 1,693 | 3 | hispanic | |
| 1.6 | 390 | 4 | asian | |
| 4.2 | 1,004 | 5 | two or more races | |
| 47,105 | .i | iap | ||
| 515 | .n | no answer | ||
| 4,032 | .x | not available in this release | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
modeinterview done in-person or over the phone
Text of this Question or Item
Interview done in-person or over the phone
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 67.1 | 21,436 | 1 | in-person | |
| 9.8 | 3,129 | 2 | by phone | |
| 1.5 | 485 | 3 | multimode | |
| 21.6 | 6,916 | 4 | web | |
| 1 | .d | don't know | ||
| 43,698 | .i | iap | ||
| 34 | .n | no answer | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
intsexsex of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
C. Sex of interviewer
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17.3 | 3,849 | 1 | male | |
| 82.7 | 18,421 | 2 | female | |
| 45,465 | .i | iap | ||
| 388 | .n | no answer | ||
| 7,576 | .x | not available in this release | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
feelevelamount of fees paid
Text of this Question or Item
Amount of Fees Paid
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2 | 28 | 1 | ||
| 1.6 | 291 | 2 | ||
| 0.0 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 0.0 | 7 | 5 | ||
| 0.8 | 143 | 10 | ||
| 0.0 | 1 | 12 | ||
| 0.1 | 26 | 15 | ||
| 23.4 | 4,134 | 20 | ||
| 0.4 | 66 | 22 | ||
| 5.5 | 974 | 25 | ||
| 0.1 | 18 | 27 | ||
| 0.0 | 1 | 29 | ||
| 0.8 | 134 | 30 | ||
| 0.0 | 5 | 35 | ||
| 2.2 | 396 | 40 | ||
| 0.0 | 2 | 45 | ||
| 0.0 | 5 | 47 | ||
| 17.7 | 3,126 | 50 | ||
| 1.9 | 335 | 52 | ||
| 0.0 | 4 | 55 | ||
| 0.0 | 1 | 59 | ||
| 0.1 | 17 | 60 | ||
| 0.0 | 2 | 62 | ||
| 0.3 | 57 | 70 | ||
| 1.5 | 264 | 72 | ||
| 43.2 | 7,621 | 75 | $75+ | |
| 43 | .d | don't know | ||
| 53,926 | .i | iap | ||
| 38 | .n | no answer | ||
| 4,032 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
intyrsyears of service as an interviewer at norc
Text of this Question or Item
D. Years of service as an interviewer at NORC
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31.7 | 7,157 | 1 | less than 1 year | |
| 25.8 | 5,810 | 2 | 1-2 years | |
| 15.9 | 3,595 | 3 | 3-5 years | |
| 16.1 | 3,633 | 4 | 6-9 years | |
| 10.5 | 2,362 | 5 | 10+ years | |
| 1,767 | .i | iap | ||
| 101 | .n | no answer | ||
| 51,274 | .y | not available in this year | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |
consentparticipation/recording consent
Text of this Question or Item
PARTICIPATION/RECORDING CONSENT
| Percent | N | Value | Label | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 88.5 | 16,781 | 1 | r consents to recording interview | |
| 11.5 | 2,189 | 2 | r consents to participate in the survey, but does not want to be recorded | |
| 56,727 | .i | iap | ||
| 2 | .n | no answer | ||
| 100.0 | 75,699 | Total |
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| Data type: | numeric |
| Missing-data codes: | .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z |