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GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile - Release 3


Version

fileversiongss data file version
Percent N Value Label
100.0 75,699 7224.3

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 1
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
ballotballot used for interview
Text of this Question or Item
Ballot Administered.
Percent N Value Label
32.2 17,355 1 ballot a
32.6 17,544 2 ballot b
32.3 17,407 3 ballot c
2.8 1,518 4 ballot d


21,875 .i iap

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
versionversion of questionnaire
Text of this Question or Item
Version Administered.
Percent N Value Label
23.6 10,148 1 version 1
24.1 10,343 2 version 2
23.6 10,168 3 version 3
7.2 3,103 4 version 4
7.3 3,138 5 version 5
7.2 3,110 6 version 6
4.6 1,998 7 version 7
1.1 478 8 version 8
1.2 516 9 version 9


29,388 .i iap


3,309 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
isspfilter for issp cases
Text of this Question or Item
Status on International Social Survey Program Self-Completion 
Supplement.
Percent N Value Label
91.9 47,360 1 r did issp
8.1 4,198 2 r did not do issp


24,141 .i iap

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
foundcase was retrievable in 2012
Text of this Question or Item
Case recovered
Percent N Value Label
7.9 4,364 0 not found
92.1 50,723 1 found


13,759 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Sampling

sampcodesampling error code
Text of this Question or Item
SAMPLING ERROR CODE.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-774)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
samplesampling frame and method
Text of this Question or Item
The GSS has employed various sampling procedures and frames. Appendix 
A gives full detail.
Percent N Value Label
2.1 1,613 1 1960 sample frame, block quota
5.9 4,498 2 1970 sample frame, block quota
11.0 8,320 3 1970 sample frame, full probability
0.1 107 4 1970 sample frame, full probability black oversample
0.3 247 5 1980 black sample frame, full probability black oversample
17.8 13,454 6 1980 sample frame, full probability
0.5 353 7 1980 sample frame, full probability black oversample
20.0 15,106 8 1990 sample frame, full probability
15.0 11,389 9 2000 sample frame, full probability
18.6 14,075 10 2010 sample frame, full probability
4.3 3,228 11 2020 address based sample, full probability
0.0 0 12 2022 amerispeak frame, full probability black/hispanic/aanhpi oversample
4.4 3,309 13 2020 sample frame, full probability
0.0 0 14 2024 amerispeak frame, full probability black/hispanic/aanhpi oversample

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
phasesubsampling: two-phase design.
Text of this Question or Item
Subsampling: two-phase design.
Percent N Value Label
79.0 22,098 1 phase one - initial cases
21.0 5,871 2 phase two - sub-sampled cases


47,730 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
sdastrataSDA Stratum Variable for GSS
Text of this Question or Item
Stratum variable for SDA to calculate complex standard errors
for the GSS dataset.

See the document in the online SDA codebook that describes how
it was constructed.

**
Created by RECODE version 4.1.6
on May 15, 2026  (Fri 01:44 PM PDT)

Input1:  sample   label: sampling frame and method
Input2:  year   label: gss year for this respondent
         From study: /data/gss24rel3

  Output      Input1      Input2
      11          **        2021
      12          **        2022
       1           1           *
       2           2           *
       3         3-4           *
       5           5           *
       6         6-7           *
       8           8           *
       9           9           *
      10          10           *
      13          13           *

All other combinations of input variables
were converted to MD: 0
Percent N Value Label
2.1 1,613 1 1960 BQ
5.9 4,498 2 1970 BQ
11.1 8,427 3 1970 FP
0.3 247 5 1980 BFP
18.2 13,807 6 1980 FP
20.0 15,106 8 1990 FP
15.0 11,389 9 2000 FP
12.8 9,727 10 2010 FP
5.3 4,032 11 2021 ABS
4.7 3,544 12 2022 ABS
4.4 3,309 13 2020 FP

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data code: 0
sdaclustersSDA Cluster Variable for GSS
Text of this Question or Item

**
Created by COMPUTE version 4.1.6 
on May 15, 2026  (Fri 01:44 PM PDT)

if (year eq 1972) sdaclusters = duniform(1001,1016)
else if (year eq 2021) sdaclusters = duniform(1021,1060)
else if (year eq 2022) sdaclusters = duniform(1071,1105)
else sdaclusters = sampcode

Input variables:

sampcode: sampling error code

year: gss year for this respondent
From study: /sda/data/gss24rel3

Other specified options:
Missing data values were included in computations
Output variable values were rounded to user-specified decimal places: 0
User specified seed value: 2468
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1.0000-1105.0000)
Properties
Data type: numeric
vpsuvariance primary sampling unit
Text of this Question or Item
Variance primary sampling unit
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-4228)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
vstratvariance stratum
Text of this Question or Item
Variance stratum
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1001-8456)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Weights -- Sampling and Post-stratification

compwtComposite Weight
Text of this Question or Item
Composite weight for SDA version of the GSS.
See the document in the online SDA codebook that describes how it was constructed.
**

Created by COMPUTE version 4.1.6 
on May 15, 2026  (Fri 01:44 PM PDT)

if (year lt 2004) $wt = wtssps
else $wt = wtssnrps
endif
compwt = $wt * (75699/75700.601)

Input variables:


wtssnrps: person post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted

wtssps: person post-stratification weight

year: gss year for this respondent
From study: /sda/data/gss24rel3

Other specified options:
Output variable values were rounded to user-specified decimal places: 4
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.0761-17.0027)
Properties
Data type: numeric
wtssnrpsperson post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted
Text of this Question or Item
Person post-stratification weight, nonrespondents adjusted
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.07610404004297436-17.00307814351093327)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
wtssallweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.39182505383657018-8.73987621000153503)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
wtssnrweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.29307435290171902-11.06847625229332621)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
wtssweight variable
Text of this Question or Item
Weight of variables.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.39182505383657018-8.73987621000153503)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
oversampweights for black oversamples
Text of this Question or Item
Weight for Black oversamples.
Percent N Value Label
0.7 510 0.3778
0.7 544 0.4347
95.1 72,020 1.0000 not 1982/1987
1.8 1,350 1.2350
1.7 1,275 1.2410

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 4
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
formwtweight deal with experimental randomization
Text of this Question or Item
Weight for form variables.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.402-7.180)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 3
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
wtsspsperson post-stratification weight
Text of this Question or Item
Person post-stratification weight
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.07397235120467827-14.27246189116060116)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Ballot-form Weights for 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016 and 2018

ballotformwt
Text of this Question or Item
Person weight for years 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2018 due to an 
assignment error of ballot and form for these years. For more 
information please see Methodological Report #134 at 
https://gss.norc.org/us/en/gss/get-documentation/methodological-reports.html.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.19842363732422308-8.15083825233359960)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
ballotformwtnr
Text of this Question or Item
Non-response person weight for years 2002, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2018 
due to an assignment error of ballot and form for these years. For 
more information please see Methodological Report #134 at 
https://gss.norc.org/us/en/gss/get-documentation/methodological-reports.html.
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 0.17946290590681452-7.73921695657114572)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 17
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z

Interviewer Characteristics and Misc

saqisspr did issp module
Text of this Question or Item
A. R did ISSP Module
Percent N Value Label
64.8 8,284 1 r did issp
15.4 1,964 2 administered by interviewer
2.2 275 3 promised, but did not do
9.6 1,225 4 r did not do issp
8.1 1,042 5 r did, but not sure mode


56,056 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
saqsexr did sex module
Text of this Question or Item
B. R did Sex Module
Percent N Value Label
64.6 11,062 1 r did sex saq
13.9 2,374 2 administered by interviewer
1.7 292 3 promised, but did not do
13.6 2,331 4 r did not do sex
6.2 1,063 5 r did, but not sure mode


51,724 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
saqgener did gene module for 2004
Text of this Question or Item
C. R did Gene Module
Percent N Value Label
58.9 1,657 1 r did gene saq
25.7 723 2 administered by interviewer
15.4 432 3 r did not do gene


66,034 .i iap


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
intidinterviewer id
Text of this Question or Item
No question asked; assigned administratively
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 1-235)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .i,.x
feeusedfee given to get case
Text of this Question or Item
Was a respondent incentive or fee used as part of getting this case?
Percent N Value Label
64.7 21,010 1 yes, money
1.8 595 2 yes, other (flowers, food, etc.)
33.4 10,851 3 no


184 .d don't know


38,796 .i iap


231 .n no answer


4,032 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
lngthinvhow long was interview
Text of this Question or Item
How long was interview
Total Cases: 75,699 (Range of valid codes: 30.000000000000000-200.000000000000000)
Properties
Data type: numeric
Decimals: 15
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
intageage of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
A. Age of interviewer
Percent N Value Label
5.4 1,212 1 18-34
13.3 3,008 2 35-44
27.6 6,223 3 45-54
35.7 8,047 4 55-64
18.0 4,067 5 65 or older


1,767 .i iap


101 .n no answer


51,274 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
easygethow difficult was case to get
Text of this Question or Item
How difficult was case to get?
Percent N Value Label
25.6 1,420 1 very easy
29.3 1,623 2 somewhat easy
28.8 1,598 3 somewhat difficult
16.3 907 4 very difficult


63,197 .i iap


101 .n no answer


6,853 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
intethnrace of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
B. Race/ethnicity of interviewer
Percent N Value Label
73.5 17,684 1 white
13.6 3,276 2 black
7.0 1,693 3 hispanic
1.6 390 4 asian
4.2 1,004 5 two or more races


47,105 .i iap


515 .n no answer


4,032 .x not available in this release

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
modeinterview done in-person or over the phone
Text of this Question or Item
Interview done in-person or over the phone
Percent N Value Label
67.1 21,436 1 in-person
9.8 3,129 2 by phone
1.5 485 3 multimode
21.6 6,916 4 web


1 .d don't know


43,698 .i iap


34 .n no answer

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
intsexsex of interviewer
Text of this Question or Item
C. Sex of interviewer
Percent N Value Label
17.3 3,849 1 male
82.7 18,421 2 female


45,465 .i iap


388 .n no answer


7,576 .x not available in this release

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
feelevelamount of fees paid
Text of this Question or Item
Amount of Fees Paid
Percent N Value Label
0.2 28 1
1.6 291 2
0.0 2 3
0.0 7 5
0.8 143 10
0.0 1 12
0.1 26 15
23.4 4,134 20
0.4 66 22
5.5 974 25
0.1 18 27
0.0 1 29
0.8 134 30
0.0 5 35
2.2 396 40
0.0 2 45
0.0 5 47
17.7 3,126 50
1.9 335 52
0.0 4 55
0.0 1 59
0.1 17 60
0.0 2 62
0.3 57 70
1.5 264 72
43.2 7,621 75 $75+


43 .d don't know


53,926 .i iap


38 .n no answer


4,032 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
intyrsyears of service as an interviewer at norc
Text of this Question or Item
D. Years of service as an interviewer at NORC
Percent N Value Label
31.7 7,157 1 less than 1 year
25.8 5,810 2 1-2 years
15.9 3,595 3 3-5 years
16.1 3,633 4 6-9 years
10.5 2,362 5 10+ years


1,767 .i iap


101 .n no answer


51,274 .y not available in this year

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
consentparticipation/recording consent
Text of this Question or Item
PARTICIPATION/RECORDING CONSENT
Percent N Value Label
88.5 16,781 1 r consents to recording interview
11.5 2,189 2 r consents to participate in the survey, but does not want to be recorded


56,727 .i iap


2 .n no answer

100.0 75,699
Total
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
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