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GSS 1972-2024 Cumulative Datafile - Release 1


stiffpunLawbreakers should get stiffer sentences
Text of this Question or Item
1373. Here are some measures to deal with crime. Some people are 
in favor of them while other people are against them. Do you 
agree or disagree that: a. People who break the law should be 
given stiffer sentences.
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
stiffpun
1
strongly agree
2
agree
3
neither agree nor disagree
4
disagree
5
strongly disagree
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.y
not available in this year
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 40.1
532
45.8
607
10.4
138
3.1
41
.6
8
-
28
-
158
-
5
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
1998 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
3,544
2024 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,309
-
3,309
COL TOTAL 40.1
532
45.8
607
10.4
138
3.1
41
.6
8
-
28
-
67,487
-
5
-
6,853
100.0
75,699
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
deathpenMurderers should get death penalty
Text of this Question or Item
1373. Here are some measures to deal with crime. Some people are 
in favor of them while other people are against them. Do you 
agree or disagree that: b. People convicted of murder should be 
subject to the death penalty.
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
deathpen
1
strongly agree
2
agree
3
neither agree nor disagree
4
disagree
5
strongly disagree
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.y
not available in this year
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 49.6
642
25.3
327
8.0
104
10.7
138
6.5
84
-
59
-
158
-
5
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
1998 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
-
0
-
0
-
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
3,544
2024 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,309
-
3,309
COL TOTAL 49.6
642
25.3
327
8.0
104
10.7
138
6.5
84
-
59
-
67,487
-
5
-
6,853
100.0
75,699
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
premars1Is premarital sex wrong?
Text of this Question or Item
1374a. Do you think it is wrong or not wrong if a man and a 
woman have sexual relations before marriage?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
premars1
1
always wrong
2
almost always wrong
3
wrong only sometimes
4
not wrong at all
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.y
not available in this year
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 27.3
344
11.6
146
19.6
247
41.5
522
-
74
-
158
-
26
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 29.1
361
11.6
144
18.4
228
41.0
509
-
118
-
1,545
-
87
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
1998 29.7
358
11.4
138
20.1
243
38.8
468
-
70
-
1,548
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
2008 24.6
331
8.4
113
17.3
233
49.6
667
-
14
-
658
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
3,544
2024 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,309
-
3,309
COL TOTAL 27.6
1,394
10.7
541
18.8
951
42.9
2,166
-
276
-
63,391
-
127
-
6,853
100.0
75,699
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
xmarsex1Is extramarital sex wrong?
Text of this Question or Item
1374b. What about a married person having sexual relations with 
someone other than his or her husband or wife, is it...
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
xmarsex1
1
always wrong
2
almost always wrong
3
wrong only sometimes
4
not wrong at all
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.y
not available in this year
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 72.8
943
17.8
231
6.6
86
2.7
35
-
38
-
158
-
26
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 80.2
1,067
13.5
180
4.4
58
1.9
25
-
31
-
1,545
-
86
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
1998 80.1
1,003
13.1
164
5.8
72
1.0
13
-
26
-
1,548
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
2008 79.8
1,084
12.8
174
5.2
71
2.1
29
-
4
-
658
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
2018 79.3
878
13.4
148
6.2
69
1.1
12
-
14
-
1,223
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
3,544
2024 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,309
-
3,309
COL TOTAL 78.4
4,975
14.1
897
5.6
356
1.8
114
-
113
-
62,266
-
125
-
6,853
100.0
75,699
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
homosex1Is homosexual sex wrong?
Text of this Question or Item
1374c. And what about sexual relations between two adults of the 
same sex, is it. . .
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
homosex1
1
always wrong
2
almost always wrong
3
wrong only sometimes
4
not wrong at all
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.y
not available in this year
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 75.1
916
5.0
61
5.6
68
14.3
175
-
110
-
158
-
29
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 69.7
854
4.3
53
6.9
84
19.1
234
-
133
-
1,545
-
89
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
-
0
-
0
-
2,904
1998 62.4
717
5.6
64
7.4
85
24.6
283
-
113
-
1,548
-
22
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
-
0
-
0
-
2,817
2002 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
-
0
-
0
-
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
2008 56.0
733
5.1
67
6.7
88
32.2
421
-
43
-
658
-
13
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
2018 36.6
399
4.0
44
5.6
61
53.8
587
-
66
-
1,173
-
18
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
2022 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,544
-
3,544
2024 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
3,309
-
3,309
COL TOTAL 60.4
3,619
4.8
289
6.4
386
28.4
1,700
-
465
-
62,216
-
171
-
6,853
100.0
75,699
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
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